SPANISH AFRICA: Ceuta: 21 August
1415 - 1640 to Spain (after the Portuguese
rebellion)
E. Sanceau "Castelos em Africa" Liv. Civilizaçao 1961
Porto.
D. Lopes "A Expansao em Marrocos" Teorema Lisboa MOROCCO: Alcacer Ceguer (El
Qsar es Seghir): (35°51'N
- 05°34'W) 23
October 1458 - 1550
E. Sanceau "Castelos em Africa"
Liv. Civilizaçao 1961 Porto.
D. Lopes "A Expansao em Marrocos" Teorema Lisboa Arzila (Asilah): (35°28'N -
06°02'W) 24
August 1471-August 1550
to Arabs (1550-1577) 1577-1589
E. Sanceau "Castelos em Africa"
Liv. Civilizaçao 1961 Porto.
D. Lopes "A Expansao em Marrocos" Teorema Lisboa Tanger: 27
August 1471 - 1661/62/63 to England (for the dowry of Caterine of
Braganza)
E. Sanceau "Castelos em Africa"
Liv. Civilizaçao 1961 Porto.
D. Lopes "A Expansao em Marrocos" Teorema Lisboa Safim (Safi): (32°18'N - 09°14'W) Castelo do Mar, Castelejo. 1488
feitoria, 1508 fortress - Oct. 1541
E. Sanceau "Castelos em Africa"
Liv. Civilizaçao 1961 Porto.
D. Lopes "A Expansao em Marrocos" Teorema Lisboa Graciosa (Graciosa Island near Larache): (35°12'N
- 06°09'W) Fortaleza Graciosa Feb.
1489 - Sep. 1489 (attempt to build a fortress) abandoned
E. Sanceau "Castelos em Africa"
Liv. Civilizaçao 1961 Porto.
D. Lopes "A Expansao em Marrocos" Teorema Lisboa Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir-Taddert Ougadir):
(30°27'N - 09°39'W) Fortaleza Santa Cruz do Cabo de
Gué 1505-
12 March 1541
E. Sanceau "Castelos em Africa"
Liv. Civilizaçao 1961 Porto.
D. Lopes "A Expansao em Marrocos" Teorema Lisboa Mogador (Essaouira): (31°31'N -
09°46'W) Castelo Real 1506-1510
E. Sanceau "Castelos em Africa"
Liv. Civilizaçao 1961 Porto.
D. Lopes "A Expansao em Marrocos" Teorema Lisboa Aguz (Souira Guedima): (32°02'N -
09°21'W) Castelo de Aguz (South of
Safi at the mouth of Tensift River) 1506-1525
D. Lopes "A Expansao em Marrocos"
Teorema Lisboa Azamor (Azemmour): (33°18'N -
08°21'W) 3 Sep.
1513 - Oct. 1541
E. Sanceau "Castelos em Africa"
Liv. Civilizaçao 1961 Porto.
D. Lopes "A Expansao em Marrocos" Teorema Lisboa Mazagão (El Jadida): (33°15'N -
08°31'W) 1514, 1541
fort - 1769 abandoned
E. Sanceau "Castelos em Africa"
Liv. Civilizaçao 1961 Porto.
D. Lopes "A Expansao em Marrocos" Teorema Lisboa Mamora (Mehdiya ?): (34°15'N -
06°41'W) June
1515- Aug. 1515 (unsuccessful attempt to build a fortress at the mouth of the rio
Cebu) abandoned
E. Sanceau "Castelos em Africa"
Liv. Civilizaçao 1961 Porto.
D. Lopes "A Expansao em Marrocos" Teorema Lisboa Seinal (near Alcacer Ceguer):
(35°51'N - 05°34'W) 4 Apr.
1549 - June 1550 (attempt to build a fortress on the mountain which dominated Alcacer)
abandoned
E. Sanceau "Castelos em Africa"
Liv. Civilizaçao 1961 Porto.
D. Lopes "A Expansao em Marrocos" Teorema Lisboa
WESTERN
SAHARA: Rio de Ouro (Ad Dakhla ?): (23°33'N -
16°01'W) 1440s.
on a little island of this river the Infante D. Henrique "the Navigator" built a
tower.The tower was perhaps built in one of the 3 islands at the entrance of Ad Dakhla
(Angra dos Cavalos ).
Valentim Fernandes "Descripçam de
Cepta por sua costa de Mauritania e Ethiopia......scripto no anno de 1507" MAURITANIA: Arguim (Arguin island): (20°36'N -
16°27'W) Castello de Arguim 1445
feitoria, 1461 fort - 5 Feb. 1633 to Netherland
T. Monod "L'Ila d'Arguin: essai
historique" IICT & CECA 1983 Lisboa. Ouadan, Uadem, Audem or Wadan (Ouadane):
(20°56' N -11°37' W) 1487circa
feitoria
Maria E. Madeira Santos "Viagens de
exploraçao terrestre dos portugueses em Africa" SENEGAL-GAMBIA:
In 1488 or 1490, the Portuguese did an attempt to built a fort at the mouth of the Senegal
River, this attempt ended in a failure.
Blake "European in West Africa
1450-1560"
Maria E. Madeira Santos "Viagens de exploraçao terrestre dos portugueses em
Africa"
In 16th. c. several settlements of Portuguese Lançados (mixed race) were founded along
the Senegal shore in: Joal (14°11'N -
16°51'W), Portudal (14°26'N - 17°01'W), Rio Fresco, Beziguiche
(Gambia ?), Cantor (Kuntaur (13°40'N -
14°53'W), Gambia) and Cassan (Gambia). GUINEA BISSAU: Porto da Cruz de Guinala:Forte da Cruz de Guinala fort
Boulegue, J. "L'impact economique et
politique des navigations portugaises sur les peuples cotiers. Le cas de la Guinee du Cap
Vert (XV-XVI siecles)"
Almada, A. A. "Tratado breve dos rios da Guiné" Bissau: Fortaleza de São José de Amura (1696) 1696 -
1974 Bolama:
- 1974 Cacheu: 1470 ?
settlement, 1585/87/88 wooden fort - 1974
Boulegue, J. "L'impact economique et
politique des navigations portugaises sur les peuples cotiers. Le cas de la Guinee du Cap
Vert (XV-XVI siecles)"
Almada, A. A. "Tratado breve dos rios da Guiné"
In 16th. c. several settlements of Portuguese Lançados (mixed race) were founded along
the Rio Cacheu (or Rio Farim) and Rio Geba (or Rio Grande). CAPE VERDE: under costruction Santiago Island: Ribeira Grande, Praia SIERRA LEONE:
Under Joao II (1481-1495), the Portuguese attempted to build a fort six
leagues beyond Mellakory River in Sierra Leone on
Rio Bitonbo.
"Two leagues above the mouth of the Rio Bintonbo is a village called Tanguarim and
three leagues farther up the King Joao II had ordered to be built a fortress. The King
later ordered to be pulled down the fortress."
Blake "European in West Africa
1450-1560"
A. W. Lawrence "Trade castles and forts of West Africa" : abandoned within a few
years. GHANA: Castelo da Mina (Elmina): (05°05'N -
01°21'W) Fortaleza de São Jorge da Mina de Ouro
(1482) 21
Jan. 1482 - 28/9 Aug. 1637 to Netherland
A. W. Lawrence "Trade castles and
forts of West Africa" Jonathan Cape 1963 London.
Ch. R. Boxer "The Dutch in Brazil 1624-1657" Claredon Press 1957 Oxford.
J. Vogt "Portuguese rule on the Gold Coast 1469-1682" Univ. of Georgia Press
1979 Athens. Axim: (04°52'N - 02°15'W) Forte de Santo Antonio de Axim
(1503) 1486
feitoria, 1503/1515 fort - Feb. 1642 to Netherland
A. W. Lawrence "Trade castles and
forts of West Africa" Jonathan Cape 1963 London.
Ch. R. Boxer "The Dutch in Brazil 1624-1657" Claredon Press 1957 Oxford.
J. Vogt "Portuguese rule on the Gold Coast 1469-1682" Univ. of Georgia Press
1979 Athens. Accra: 1557-
1576/77/78 destroyed by the natives.
A. W. Lawrence "Trade castles and
forts of West Africa" Jonathan Cape 1963 London.
J. Vogt "Portuguese rule on the Gold Coast 1469-1682" Univ. of Georgia Press
1979 Athens. Chama (Shama): (05°00'N -
01°39'W) Forte de São Sebastiao or San Sebastian
1526*/1555
lodge, 1558 fortified house - 1637 ** to Netherland
A. W. Lawrence "Trade castles and
forts of West Africa"
J. Vogt "Portuguese rule on the Gold Coast 1469-1682"
* Ephson "Ancient forts and castles of the Gold Coast (Ghana)": give the
date 1526 for the first lodge.
Goslinga "The Dutch in the Caribbean and in the Guianas 1680 -
1791" p.46 ** 1640 Duma (Egwira): (05°02'N -
02°12'W) (at the confluence of Ankobra and Duma rivers) Forte
Duma 1623
fort - 1636 abandoned after an earthquake
Van Dantzig "Les Hollandais sur la
Cote de Guinee a l' epoque de l'essor de l'Ashanti at du Dahomey 1680-1740"
Claridge "History of the Gold Coast and Ashanti"
Ephson, I. S. "Ancient forts and castles of the Gold Coast (Ghana)"
The ruins of this fort were seen in 1653 by a Dutch expedition. (A.R.A. Aanwisten 1898,
Journal de Louis Dammaerts) Accra-Osu, Christiansborg:Forte de São Francisco Xavier the
Portuguese, in 1640 built a lodge in Accra called Ursu lodge, this lodge was lost in 1645.
Ephson, I. S. "Ancient forts and
castles of the Gold Coast (Ghana)" The Danish built a fort (1661- Dec.
1680) Dec.
1680 - 29 Aug. 1682 deserted
A. W. Lawrence "Trade castles and
forts of West Africa" Jonathan Cape 1963 London.
J. Vogt "Portuguese rule on the Gold Coast 1469-1682" Univ. of Georgia Press
1979 Athens. BENIN: Ajudá (Glehoué, Ouidah or Whydah):
(06°21'N - 02°05'E) Forte São Joao Baptista de
Ajuda 1721/22
fort -1 Aug. 1961
Van Dantzig "Les Hollandais sur la
Cote de Guinee a l' epoque de l'essor de l'Ashanti at du Dahomey 1680-1740" Jaquin (Godomey): (06°23'N -
02°21'E) feitoria
Van Dantzig "Les Hollandais sur la
Cote de Guinee a l' epoque de l'essor de l'Ashanti at du Dahomey 1680-1740" NIGERIA: Gwato (near Benin city): along Benin
River. 1485/86
feitoria - 1507/8/1520s.
Maria E. Madeira Santos "Viagens de
exploraçao terrestre dos portugueses em Africa"
Blake "European in West Africa 1450-1560"
A. W. Lawrence "Trade castles and forts of West Africa" ECUATORIAL GUINEA:
Ano Bom (Annobon or Pagalu island):
- Oct. 1641 to Netherland to Portugal to Spain 11 Mar. 1778 Tratado do Pardo: cedencia
das ilhas de Fernando Po e Ano Bom à Espanha. Ayene (Guinea Ecuatorial): (01°06'N -
09°44'E) fort ? Fernando Pó (Bioko island): fort
(forte portugues)
Cunha Matos "Corografia Historica das
Ilhas de S. Tomé e Principe, Ano Bom e Fernando Pò" Sao Tomé, 1916; p. 93 to Spain (Dec. 1779 - 30 Oct. 1780) abandoned to Spain 11 Mar. 1778 Tratado do Pardo: cedencia
das ilhas de Fernando Po e Ano Bom à Espanha. SÃO TOMÉ AND
PRINCIPE: São Tomé island:Forte
de São Sebastiao, Forte São Joao, Forte de São Jeronimo. 1485
first colonization - 1567 sacked by French pirates (1567) 1567 -
18 Oct. 1599 to the Netherlands (18 Oct. 1599 -
Nov. 1599) 20
Oct. 1599 - 3 Oct. 1641 the Dutch occupied the town (16 Oct. 1641 the Dutch occupied the
fort) to the Netherlands (3 Oct. 1641
the Dutch occupied the town, 16 Oct. 1641 the Dutch occupied the fort - 13 November 1642
the Portuguese took the town (15 December 1644 the Portuguese took the fort)
* During the period between 1644 - 9 January 1649 the Dutch had a factory in Sao Tomé. On 13
November 1642 the Portuguese took the town (15 December 1644 the Portuguese took the fort)
- 1974
Garfield "A history of Sao Tomé
Island 1470 - 1655, the key to Guinea" Principe island:Fortaleza
de Santo Antonio da Ponta da Mina (1695 ?), Reducto Nossa Sennhora da Nazareth, Bateria de
São Joao, Fortaleza de Santa Ana. to Portugal to the Netherlands (August 1598 - October
1598) to Portugal to France (1706 - ? )
- 1974
Pereira de Melo "A Fortaleza da Santo
Antonio da Ponta da Mina na Ilha do Principe" ANGOLA: São Salvador do Congo (M'banza Congo):
(6°16'S - 14°15'E) since
1500s. Portuguese protectorate. São Paulo de Luanda or Loanda (Luanda):
(08°49'S - 13°14'E) Fortaleza de São
Miguel or do Morro (Dutch: Fort Aardenburgh), Forte Guia, Fortaleza São Pedro da Barra
(17th c.), Forte St. Antonio, Forte São Francisco da Penedo (17th c.). 20
February 1575- 26 Aug. 1641 to Netherland (26 Aug.
1641- 21/24 Aug.
1648) 21/24
Aug. 1648 - 1974
Boxer "Salvador de Sa and the struggle
for Brazil and Angola 1602-1686" Benguela a Velha: 1587
abandoned
Maria E. Madeira Santos "Viagens de
exploraçao terrestre dos portugueses em Africa"
Studia N° 33 "O regimento do fundador de Benguela..." Massangano: (09°38'S -
14°14'E) 1583 -
1974
Randles "L'ancien Royaume du
Congo"
Maria E. Madeira Santos "Viagens de exploraçao terrestre dos portugueses em
Africa" Muxima: (09°32S -
13°57'E) 1599 -
1974
Randles "L'ancien Royaume du
Congo" Cambanbe or Kambambe: (9°46'S
14°39'E) along the Cuanza river, East of Dondo (Province of Kwanza Norte) 1604 -
1974
Randles "L'ancien Royaume du
Congo" Ambaca (N'Dalatando ?): (09°18'S -
14°55'E) ? 1611 -
1974
Randles "L'ancien Royaume du
Congo" São Felipe (Filipe) de Benguela: (15°35'S
- 13°24'E) Fortaleza de São Felipe de Benguela 1617
fortaleza de S. Felipe - Sep. 1641 to Netherland (Sept.
1641-1648) 1648 -
1974
Maria E. Madeira Santos "Viagens de
exploraçao terrestre dos portugueses em Africa"
Studia N° 33 "O regimento do fundador de
Benguela..." Ambuila (Uige): (07°37'S
- 15°03'E) 1625/1649/1681
market
Randles "L'ancien Royaume du
Congo" Beja: (09°47'S - 15°12'E) 1625
market
Randles "L'ancien Royaume du
Congo" Dondo: (09°42'S - 14°26'E) 1625
market
Randles "L'ancien Royaume du
Congo" Aco (Haco): (10°10'S -
15°42'E) 1627
market
Randles "L'ancien Royaume du
Congo" Pungo Andongo: (09°39'S -
15°36'E) Fortaleza das Pedras de Pungo Andongo 1627
market, 1671 fort - 1974
Randles "L'ancien Royaume du
Congo" Pinda: (06°12'S - 12°24'E) (at
the mouth of the Congo River) ?fort?
to Netherland
( - 1648) to Portugal
(in accordance with a manuscript of the
Torre de Tombo, Lisbon, n° 1006 quoted in Welch "Portuguese and Dutch in South
Africa" p.36) Ensandeira island: (09°20S -
13°10'E) (at the mouth of the Kwanza) 1645
fort - 1645/46 to Netherland (1645/6-1648) renamed Fort Mols 1648
-
Welch "Portuguese and Dutch in South
Africa" p.23
Boxer "Salvador de Sa and the struggle for Brazil and Angola
1602-1686" São José de Encoge (Encoje):
(07°39'S - 14°41'E) Forte São José de Encoge
(1759) 1759 -
1974
Randles "L'ancien Royaume du
Congo" Caconda: (13°44'S - 15°04 E) fort ?
Maria E. Madeira Santos "Viagens de
exploraçao terrestre dos portugueses em Africa" Alva Nova (Sa da Bandeira, Lubango):
(14°55'S - 13°29'E) 1769
settlement -
Maria E. Madeira Santos "Viagens de
exploraçao terrestre dos portugueses em Africa" Sarzedas (Luceque): (14°39'S - 15°04'E)
? 1769
settlement -
Maria E. Madeira Santos "Viagens de
exploraçao terrestre dos portugueses em Africa" Cacanje or Cassange: (09°55'S -
18°17E) ? 1770s.
settlement -
Maria E. Madeira Santos "Viagens de
exploraçao terrestre dos portugueses em Africa" Quilengues: (14°05'S - 14°05'E) 1770s.
settlement -
Maria E. Madeira Santos "Viagens de
exploraçao terrestre dos portugueses em Africa" Cabinda: (05°33'S - 12°11'E) 1783 -
June 1784 (attempt to build a fort) 1786 -
1974 Quicombo: (11°19'S - 13°49E) Fort ?
21 August
1415 - 1640 
to Spain (after the Portuguese
rebellion) 
to England (for the dowry of Caterine of
Braganza) 
to Netherland 
The Danish built a fort (1661- Dec.
1680) 
sacked by French pirates (1567)