Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti) is a parliamentarian republic of western Asia that comprises also an European part (Thrace). Between the cities the state capital is Ankara, but it's Istanbul (the old Costantinople), the greatest city of the country, and the most important historical town of Turkey; other important cities are Izmir, Adrianople (Edirne), Bursa, Manisa, Antalya, Adana, İskenderun (Alexandretta), Antakya, Konya, Erzurum. Turkey confines to the northeast with Georgia and Armenia, east with Iran, south with Iraq and Syria, to the north-west with Greece and Bulgaria.

The country is formed in great part from an immense plateau, crossed from numerous chains, that finish towards north with Mounts of the Pontus, whose eastern side exceeds in more points 3,000 metres of altitude and where the maximum summit, the Kaçkar Dagi, reaches the 3,937 meters; and towards south with the chain of the Taurus, the more imposing chain that reaches the maximum height of 3,585 m in the Bolkar Daglari and of 3,734 m in the Wing Daglari. In the oriental side are some mountain complexes that form an high region to a medium altitude of 1,800 meters, are here a series of chains that reaches the maximum elevation with the Bingöl Daglari (3,250 m), separated from valleys and from wide depressions, like which it accommodates, at 1.646 m of high, the Lake of Van. In this zone remarkable are the volcanos, the more imposing are the Süphan Dagi (4,434 m), near the northern side of the Lake of Van, the largest Turkish lake (3,738 sqkm), and the famous Mount Ararat, situated over the Aras Valley, to the border between Armenia and Iran. The Ararat is the highest mountain of Turkey with 5,165 meters of height.